Neo-Marxist analysis: Neo-liberal policies

Neo-Marxist analysis: Neo-liberal policies What is the neo-Marxist assessment of neo-liberal policies and to what extent do you agree with this assessment? Neo-Marxism is a school of economic thought which applies Marxist ideas to the present global economic conditions. It became prevalent during the 1960s and 1970s as neo-Marxist scholars demonstrated how capitalist policies hindered development and increased the inequality between the Global North and South. Henceforth, neo-Marxists produced the dependency and modern world system theories as clear illustrations as to how neo-liberal capitalism has brought increased inequality to the global economy. Therefore, in order to examine neo-Marxist assessments of neo-liberal policies, it is firstly important to consider different neo-Marxist perspectives in detail and analyse the elements which are contested and by whom. It is also important to evaluate the arguments for and against the doctrine, which would help to gauge to what extent the neo-Marxist assessments are credible. Thus it will be argued that neo-Marxist theories provide an accurate analysis of how neo-liberal capitalism has crea ted an increase in political and economic subordination of the South to the North and further, its critical examination of the New International Economic Order. The argument which supports the development problem analysis stems from neo-liberal economics. The theoretical basis is that, ‘rather than protecting national markets and production, neo-liberal theory promotes openness and allows more efficient use of resources, exchange of technology and greater opportunities for economic growth.’ This approach has been influential in modernisation theory, which asserts that, once states implement neo-liberal restructuring measures and entrepreneurs accumulate sufficient capital, the benefits of growth and efficiency would ‘trickle down’ to the poor. Neo-liberals argue that underdeveloped societies, ‘should learn from the development experiences of the already developed or pioneer countries,’ striving to become more like existing developed societies. In the early 1990s, the IMF and World Bank in conjunction with the US Treasury Department ‘arrived at a consensus that neo-liberal policies were needed in l ess developed and emerging market economies.’ These policies included the strengthening of the free market, supporting private enterprise and increasing deregulation allowing entrepreneurial initiative. The Washington Consensus had several key policies for the Global South to increase development and these were said to be market-led. These included the issuing of loans so long as ‘Southern’ governments followed strict policy conditions, state-led development was replaced with market-led development and to use foreign exchange from export-led growth to pay off debts and promote development. However, neo-Marxists criticise these policies and have lead them to introduce theories which address the level of underdevelopment caused by neo-liberalism and the Washington Consensus. The neo-Marxist theories of Dependency and World System Theories both share the idea that the Global North and South are in a structural relationship with one another. The former theory originated in the South, and its subject area is explicitly geared towards the problems and interests of the South and is seen as, ‘bottom up,’ approach to international political economy, which prioritises the conditions faced by the poor and the oppressed. Furthermore, having emerged from the development economics studies of the 1960s, dependency theory simultaneously links underdevelopment and capitalist exploitation to trade and monetary relations, and the role of corporate actors and economic institutions. The theory claims that the impoverishment of the South is a direct outcome of their exploitation by the advanced countries in the age of imperialism, which led to the superior development of the North. While the countries in the North accumulate sizeable capital, the countries in t he South are further plunged into underdevelopment. The dependency theory further claims that a new form of imperialism is now dominant, ‘in which an economic imperialism continues the exploitation of the South, without the direct political rule of colonialism.’ When analysing neo-Marxist assessments of neo-liberalism it is important to consider where neo-liberalism has been implemented in both developed and underdeveloped nations. When taking the example of how neo-liberalism was embedded in Latin America; there were several distinct policies that lead the transition into neo-liberal economics. A specific policy was the exchange-rate overvaluation which, ‘artificially reduces the local price of imports,’ however lead to a, ‘devastating impact on the balance of payments and employment.’ Other policies such as domestic financial liberalisation and liberalisation of capital account of the fiscal reforms lead to investment and savings rates declining and public debt levels increasing sharply due to high interest rate levels respectably. Neo-liberal economic policies were implemented by Thatcher’s government of 1979-1990. However, she left behind the highest inflation and interest rates among advanced economies, including large scale bankruptcies, high and rising unemployment and the largest current account deficit in history. The UK’s economic downturn highlights and emphasises the weakness within the doctrine of neo-liberalism. Critical analysts, including those associated with World Systems Theory, neo-Marxism and postcolonial theory; suggest that underdevelopment is actually a problem of dependency, arising within a world system operating as a whole. Underdeveloped societies are not in the position they are in due to internal inadequacies, but because of an ongoing history of dependency, economic exploitation, political subordination and military violence. Whereas the mainstream analysis suggests that any and all underdeveloped societies can in principle â€Å"catch up† with the West through the adoption of development-led, typically neo-liberal policies, critical theorists suggest that such a â€Å"catch-up† cannot happen in a world dominated by the developed societies. Any improvement in the status of underdeveloped societies would require a radical transformation of the entire world system, including the position within it of the developed societies. It could not take the form of a  "catch-up† but only of a general structural transformation. This is because the position of developed countries is itself a product of the world system and requires the continued existence of underdevelopment to sustain it. Despite significant differences, critical approaches share the view that, ‘there exists a world structure in which dominant interests located in the advanced industrial world dominate and exploit the rest of the world using economic, political and military means.’ Andre Gunder Frank argues that, ‘the global system is a whole chain of metropolis-satellite relations. Each metropolis dominates, exploits and draws wealth from its satellite or satellites.’ This chain, with northern societies at the top, keeps societies in Africa, Asia and Latin America at the bottom of a global system. Frank sees surplus exported upwards and outwards from the bottom of the chain to the top. For Frank, development is not possible without a complete break from the system. Once a state has become a satellite, it can only develop when its ties with the metropolis are broken or weakened, for example in times of war or recession. In this view development is always dependent development and a â€Å"catch-up† is ruled out. Any context in which development occurred would involve the construction of a new international economic order which, far from conforming underdeveloped societies to models set in the north, would alter economic relations in a manner which would transform developed as well as underdeveloped societies. However, Dependency theory is weak in its analysis of capitalist relations as being inherently negative and based purely on exploitation. Although underdevelopment and poverty are vital problems of a global scale, they are not sole features of the international economy. Development has occurred in peripheral areas, and not all relations between the North and South are about exploitation; indeed, not all international relations involve interrelation between underdeveloped and developed as Dependency focuses, but relationships between advanced states must too be studied. Therefore, the extent to which one believes the issue of underdevelopment is salient in the international political economy can dictate how much one believes dependency theory enables an understanding of these economic relations to a degree, however this approach is inherently limited because International Political Economy must also be studied by looking at a system of wealth production and not just monopolistic explo itation of wealth. Similarly, the even faster growth of development in less industrialised states over the industrialised in examples of Taiwan and Singapore indicate that Dependency theories do not encapsulate fully the potential nature of economic relations through ignoring any possibility of cooperation and mutual advantage through capitalism. Additionally, in the Dependency theory’s analysis of underdevelopment itself, flaws are also found. The fact that the ‘development of the underdevelopment.’ is still as crucial an issue today as it was when Gunder Frank wrote his piece in 1969 is proof that ‘dependency’ does not offer a real understanding of underdevelopment, despite highlighting it, because it cannot offer a solution to it. Its analysis in explaining the reasons why certain countries are underdeveloped is singular and base because it is using dependence alone as justification, and so is not able to offer structural adjustment programmes to actually change the economic position of the underdeveloped in the international economy. The fact that underdevelopment is always equated with capitalism also adds to a tendency for Dependency to criticise capitalism rather than explain the reasons why underdevelopment is not solved and analyse the causes of poverty. When placing primary emphasis on the level of economic development, with political or ideological differences, this approach yields the ‘North-South’ divide. Though there are some anomalies, such as South Africa and Australia, the world is seen as divided essentially between the wealthy and powerful countries of the Northern Hemisphere and the poor, less-developed countries of the Southern Hemisphere. However, the North-South dichotomy, though useful in debate, is inaccurate and misleading. A more precise economic model of the world system distinguishes among the superpowers, solely the United States at the end of the 20th century; other developed countries, such as Japan, Germany, and Britain; and the underdeveloped countries, such as China and Bolivia. We then have First, Second, and Third Worlds. A further refinement of the economic model looks past the level of three worlds of development to a single underlying and developing world system. Based on a historical perspective, this view, advanced especially by the American theorist Immanuel Wallerstein, argues that there is but a single world economy, the capitalist world economy, which has been expanding since the 17th century. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory, developed in 1974, utilised many features found in the Dependency Model, such as viewing development in global conditions rather than focussing on economic development in individual countries. However, there are differences between the two theories and Wallerstein, ‘moves beyond the static dualism of the dependency models†¦rather than viewing the world in terms of ‘core’ and ‘periphery.’’ There are ‘core countries,’ such as the United States and Japan; ‘semi-peripheral countries,’ such as Bra zil, most eastern European states, and China; and ‘peripheral countries,’ such as Cuba and most of the poor countries of Africa and Asia. Depending on economic fortunes and fluctuations, as well as the logic of the developing system itself, countries can move in and out of these categories. This is in stark contrast to the Dependency Theory which advocates that periphery nations would permanently be in a state of exploitation, ‘some countries of the world were experiencing economics development in terms of industrialisation†¦including the ‘Asian Tigers’ of South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, as well as Latin American nations such as Brazil.’ In order to move a country’s status from the periphery to the core, Wallerstein proposes import substitution as a solution. Import substitution is a phenomenon that responds to external disruption of trade by domestically producing substitutes for those goods previously imported. This is a policy that the governments in less developed countries may use to undertake industrialisation and structural changes. Wallerstein supports the core and periphery to create globalization. Wallerstein’s theory helps globalization in the international context. He believes that the rich creates the poor. Unless the poor country eventually changes it economy and accumulates its own capital, it will continue to stay in the periphery. The plausibility and appeal of this model lie in its recognition of the growing internationalisation of the industrial economy. Nation-states, whether capitalist or communist, are becoming increasingly subordinate to world economic developments. Decisions about capital investment and growth are made in a world context and on a global scale. The giant multinational corporations are the most significant new actors on the world stage and have been establishing a new international division of labour. From their point of view, it makes more sense to manufacture goods in South Korea or Taiwan, where labour is still cheap and governments compliant, than in the United States or Britain, where labour is expensive and regulation stringent. Such high-level functions as central planning and research and development can be retained in their Western homelands, where there are the necessary reserves of highly trained professional and scientific personnel. Profits can be declared in those countries where taxes are lowest. In such a way do the multinationals illustrate, even embody, the interdependence of core and periphery nations. In order to move a country’s status from the periphery to the core, Wallerstein proposes import substitution as a solution. Import substitution is a phenomenon that responds to external disruption of trade by domestically producing substitutes for those goods previously imported. This is a policy that governments in less developed countries may use to undertake industrialisation and structural changes. However, there are criticisms of Wallerstein’s theory with regards to the semi-periphery. They describe it being an improvised, ‘invention to deal with those cases that do not fit neatly into the core-periphery framework.’ Critics deduce this because the majority of development economic theory in recent years has centred upon, ‘the elaboration of dependent development in the countries of the semi-periphery.’ Furthermore, other criticisms include the fact that the theory is, ‘too deterministic both economically and in terms of the constraining effects of the global capitalist system.’ Therefore, it is arguable that the neo-Marxist assessments of an increased inequality and subordination between the Global South and North which has been constructed through neo-liberal policies are valid and well-founded. The development of critical theories such as the Dependency and Modern World System have accurately criticised neo-liberal policies of market-led reforms and how underlying capitalism will lead to the core being concentrated in areas of the North. However, there are flaws in the Dependency Theory, as mentioned, including the need to address the solutions of development in peripheral countries. Furthermore, Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory has successfully been able to incorporate not only core and periphery states but that of the semi-periphery, which include emerging market economies such of India, Brazil and China. These states act as a buffer between the core and periphery countries. Despite these flaws both theories present an excellent assessment of n eo-liberal policies. BIBLIOGRAPHY Balaam, David and Veseth, Michael – Introduction to International Political Economy (London: Pearson Prentice Hall 2001) pp. 70-90 Brewer, Anthony – Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey (London: Routledge, 1990) pp. 60-73 Byres, Terence, ‘Neoliberalism and Primitive Accumulation in LDCs’ in Saad-Filho, Alfredo and Johnston, Deborah – Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (London: Pluto Press, 2005) pp. 83-91 Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Grimes, Peter, ‘World-System Analysis,’ Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 21. (1995), pp. 387-417 Chomsky, Noam – Profit Over People: Neo-Liberalism and Global Order (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1999) p. 7-34 Corbridge, Stuart Development Studies: A Reader (London: Edward Arnold, 1995) pp. 1-15 Frank, Andre Gunder – Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969) pp.3-12 Helleiner, Eric, ‘Alternatives to Neo-Liberalism? Towards a More Heterogeneous Global Political Economy,’ in Stubbs, Richard and Underhill, Geoffrey Political economy and the changing global order (Oxford:  Oxford University Press,  2006) pp.77-88 Nicholson, Michael International Relations: A Concise Introduction (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998) p. 4-23 Olson, Richard Stuart – ‘Economic Coercion in World Politics: With a Focus on North-South Relations,’ World Politics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Jul., 1979), pp. 471-494 Radice, Hugo, ‘Neoliberal Globalisation: Imperialism with Empires?’ in Saad-Filho, Alfredo and Johnston, Deborah – Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (London: Pluto Press, 2005) pp. 91-99 Saad-Filho, Alfredo, ‘The Political Economy of Neoliberalism in Latin America’ in Saad-Filho, Alfredo and Johnston, Deborah – Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (London: Pluto Press, 2005) pp. 222-230 Scharpf, Fritz and Schmidt, Vivien – Welfare and Work in the Open Economy Volume II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) pp.36-41 Sklair, Leslie – Globalization: Capitalism and its alternatives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) pp. 30-48 Smith, Tony, ‘The Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of Dependency Theory,’ World Politics, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Jan., 1979), pp. 247-288 Thomas, Caroline, ‘Globalization and Development in the South,’ in Ravenhill, John – Global Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) pp. 317-344 Willis, Kate – Theories and Practices of Development (London: Routledge, 2006) pp.62-75, 173-179

Legalization of Medical Marijuana

Many people go around and live their lives, seeing many of their acquaintances daily. What they may not know, Is what they do in their free time. So many people go home, out, anywhere they want, and they smoke pot. Having many other names, Its proper name Is Marijuana which Is made by the Cannabis plant. To the eyes of many, smoking pot Is dangerous and Immoral. To the users, It could be the opposite. It Is Illegal today, which Is a topic discussed among a wide variety of people today In the US, and even the world.Many people believe that it should be legalized for a wide variety of purposes. Those who are opposed, feel it's too dangerous to be put on the market. The legalization of marijuana is discussed about in all parts of the country, and could help in treating diseases and helping patients, but could also lead to more teen use, and even deaths. Today, there are more than a dozen states, which have legalized marijuana, many for medicinal purposes. Although it may not cure diseas es, it helps many patients to avoid, suppress, and alleviate the pain.There are many sissies In particular that it helps to alleviate. Glaucoma Is just one disease that the effects, untreated, can lead to pain, discomfort, and blindness. In general, Glaucoma is a condition that causes pressure within the eyeball. Glaucoma is when damage occurs to the optic nerve, and leads to a series of eye conditions. There are several types, but the four major ones are; open-angle (chronic) glaucoma, angle-closure (acute) glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness.Once marijuana is smoked, it may alleviate the reassure. Other medications can be prescribed, but these prescription drugs have a tendency to lose their effectiveness (Grids 1). Multiple Sclerosis is another ailment, that the effects are very crippling. Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. Multiple Sclerosis has a long li st of symptoms that may cause pain, and/or make the patient feel uncomfortable to be In their own body (Sieve 1). Talk show host, Monnet Williams, talks about his first hand experience with Multiple Sclerosis.Williams had said, â€Å"When the neurologist said hose words – â€Å"You have MS† It hit me Like a brick. I thought the diagnosis was a death sentence (http://mm. Mantels. Org/Mantels. PH). † In his case, Monnet had episodes of excruciating pain, even prior to his diagnosis. He had been prescribed concoction, and opium, which had him suffering through painful and uncomfortable side effects. And now for many years, Monnet Williams has been using medical marijuana, inhibiting the pain caused by his disease. He has launched a public campaign, searching for a cure for MS, and the legalization of medical marijuana.Williams makes a excellent point, when he says he feels it should definitely be legalized, but strict enough, so that people who actually need it, ha ve access to it. Marijuana has allowed Monnet Williams to become a contributing member of society, and live his life again (The Dry. Oz show). But the list doesn't end there. Marijuana Is also used to treat Alchemist's, Cancer, HIVE/AIDS, ALLS, and epilepsy (James 1). Studies have also shown that the Inhalation of marijuana has also decreased that chance of lung cancer, due to certain chemicals In side of the drug, stopping the growth of plaque.Many people are against it, because of the fact that it is a smoked drug, their own arsenal of prescription drugs in their homes. Medicine cabinets are filled with a bunch of prescription, or over the counter drugs, which are more addictive, more accessible, more harmful, and have more side effects, than marijuana. There is also lots of talk about the economic benefits of the legalization of marijuana. There are hundreds of economists that support the idea (Nonfat 1). It may not end the economic crisis, but it may help us take one step closer to becoming a prosperous nation once again. Once it's legalized, it could be taxed.Once it's taxed, it could bring in millions, or even billions of dollars, to the federal government. According to Jeffery A. Minor, if Marijuana was taxed like most other consumer goods, the tax revenue would be at least $2. 4 billion annually. However, if it fell under the Sin Tax or Tobacco Tax (taxing products such as tobacco or alcohol) annual revenue may generate up to $6. 2 billion. It will also create thousands of Jobs in agriculture, packaging, marketing, and advertising (Minor 1). Look at California for instance. Since marijuana was glazed in 1996, it has accumulated a total of $14 billion, from annual revenue.This also ties into federal expenses, on containing the drug, and enforcing the law. Many users feel that this is a prohibition, not having legal access to the drug. So they must find other ways to obtain the drug. Some people go to such far ends, Just have one puff. A study was conduc ted, and in 2010, there were approximately 1,638,846 drug related arrests. About 853,869, a little more than half were arrested, because of marijuana (Borden 1). But if you go even further, you will notice that in only 100,000 asses, approximately, there was actually any use of marijuana.The other 750,000 were charged on the means that it was in their possession. This shows two things. One, that it's not as addictive as it's perceived to be. Two, all those resources that are put towards the law enforcers, could be put towards crimes that are more serious. It would allow state police and officers to concentrate on crimes such as drunk driving, school shootings, stalking, burglaries, robberies, child abuse, etc (Stammer 1). So in total, the legalization of marijuana can help treating patients with serious disease, eve economic benefits, and decrease government spending.Which is not so bad, but people are more worried about negative effects on the communities. Although there are many p ositive effects of the legalization of marijuana, there are some negative effects that people are worried about. First and foremost, many parents and adults are worried about the effects on the community, especially the youth. Many teens nowadays have been starting very young with different types of stuff from a wide variety of; cigarettes, chewing tobaccos, alcohol, and marijuana. There are many seasons why students fall under the influence.People could Just feel stressed and anxious, and feel like marijuana is the cure to all of their problems. Others feel like they need to smoke in order to be cool, and so many fall under the peer pressure. According to surveys, the amount of marijuana use has decreased between the late asses and 2007. Now, the amount has started to increase, since 2006, the use among sophomores and seniors have started to increase. In a survey conducted National Institute on Drug Abuse, 7. 2 percent of 8th graders, 17. 6 percent of 10th graders, and 22. Percent of 12th grader have smoked marijuana months prior to the survey (NADIA 1).There are many who also fear that it is a gateway drug. The younger kids start out smoking marijuana, then start going up the ladder to other tobaccos, cocaine, and but they sure leave a whole lot of side effects. There are short term side effects, and long term side effects. The short term side effects vary from impaired senses, cramps, hallucinations, paranoia, diarrhea, and an increased appetite (causing weight gain). Long term effects include loss of brain cells, energy loss, apathy, cardiovascular robbers, addiction, and pregnancy defects.

Human research management models that fit best - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3622 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The lifecycle model is based on the theory that the development of a firm takes place in you stages; begin growth, development and refuse. This is in line with product lifecycle theory. Human resource managements effectiveness depends on its fit with the organizations stage of development, as the organization grows and develops, human resource management programmes, practices and procedures must change to meet its needs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human research management models that fit best" essay for you Create order Consistent with growth and development models it can be suggested that human resource management develops through a series of stages as the organization becomes more complex. Resource-base model: The resources and capabilities of a firm are the central considerations in formulating its strategy; they are the primary constants upon which a firm can establish its identity and frame its strategy and they are the primary source of the firms profitability. The key to resource-based approach to strategy formulation understands the relationship between resources, capabilities; competitive advantage can be sustained over time. This requires the design of strategies which exploit to maximum effect each firms unique characteristics. The most suitable model: Choice and the cautious exercise of selection analysis to recognize individuals with latent to build an input. Guidance and exacting appreciation that preparation is an unfinished activity, job plan to certify elasticity, assura nce and inspiration, as well as steps to make sure that employees contain the accountability and self-sufficiency completely to utilize their knowledge and skills. The approach is based on the supposition that there is a situate of most excellent HRM policies that are entire in wisdom that they are greatest in any condition, and so as to adopting them determination that direct to advanced organizational presentation. Most excellent exercise that formed employment safety, careful adopting, and identity managed teams, elevated reward dependent on presentation, preparation to grant an expert and encouraged personnel. The Human Resource policies are in excess of mandatory and execute on the trade groups or organisation. In the way of uncomplicated directive organization. The purpose of business is to normalize convinced traditions, to exhibit arrangement and to offer power to organisations Human Resource groups. In relationship with strategy it provides former than barely constant ly require. There are four types of HR managers at Lvmh. Subsequent the groups structure, they operate on four levels: corporate, regional, business group and company level. The subsidiary HR Director or the person acting as such, reports to the subsidiarys President. The subsidiarys HR Director gets recommendation and shore up from his company. The business groups HR Director organizes his companies HR Directors through monthly meetings. The purpose of these meetings is to identify vacant positions throughout the world and to study the list of possible candidates for these positions, between which are the Ready to Move. Lvmh has ready internal mobility both geographic and functional a basis of their human resources policy. This cross-fertilization of experience within their ecosystem under the unifying umbrella of the group creates matchless cause of proficient and personal fulfilment. International mobility is vital part of every potential career pathway. It targets to cre ate global managers many of them have far above the original practical move. As an example the head of HR development recall the case of a French insurance specialist in the fashion business unit who was sent to Romania to head a shoe factory. LVMH be on familiar terms with they could do with risks to develop probable impending. It needs to put them in new circumstances to help them develop new skills and set up their courage. Lvmh actively chains the specialized development of its employees. The decentralized organization in the Lvmh group gives confidence to individual proposal. Half of Lvmhs senior executives and nearly 40 per cent of managerial staff are French, whereas the French account for 37 per cent of the groups global workforce. HR needs to develop additional global business managers so they can be a part of worldwide top management. Lvmh mobility process works on the network of HR teams who mostly staffed with locals. Lvmh did not send out any specialist because no t have local bequest. Generally their experts fit two profiles: those sent out by the corporate HQ to control its subsidiaries and protect its interests and sent out to develop their skills. To support the international business growth relocate is growing. Though, it not means that greater than ever number of French expatriates will force this inclination. Lvmh have lake of global managers creates their order unpleasant in terms of deploying expert manager to companys aspiration plan or task given to that manager. Lvmh did not attract experts by giving them higher perquisite in terms of their level. The group is stimulated for cost efficiency. They know that a good package is essential, but that it not the main encouragement to go abroad. The primary balance-sheet move in the direction of package is based on the target that talent should neither lost nor grow from their rearrange. Lvmhs CB department has associated this draw near as a direct for it does remunerate package policy. Specific country based salary is apparent for international mission. Salary will get hire during the period of mission. That is used as a vital for work out of social security and pension payments. The mobility wages are average compare to local labour market. Lvmh distinct two types of high potentials, HP1 and HP2 is an individual likely to achieve a top management position such as member of Board committees, Regional president or Subsidiary president. An HP2 is an employee likely to go up one or two steps in the hierarchy. For corporate HR this characterization of high potential is too broad and is more relevant for flat structures. It is now considering narrowing it. It would retain the definition of HP1 and include those who are considered to be experts in their field. Lvmh is giving detailed task or mission to the global manager in their working satisfied for specific period and give him or her full authority to take decision for the company, also they want to learn from this kind of autonomy to do new or dare things Task-2 Key approaches towards managing learning and develop HR in MNCs: Learning and development activities make a major contribution to the successful attainment of the organization Personal development processes provide the framework for individual and self-directed learning Showing a clear understanding of the business drivers in their organisation Helping their organisation add value and move up the value chain Establishing a clear vision and strategy for people development Involving others and engaging shareholders in a transparent and open way Having both a good overview of what is needed to advance in the long-term and also of the short-term priorities Using process and techniques appropriately without being overcommitted to any one method of delivery Applying metrics to demonstrate value, and above all Understanding the legacy that learners bring with them and adjusting their interventions accordingly Human Resource Management (HRM) The human resource management (HRM) is predominantly concerned with all the activities that contribute to successfully attracting, developing, motivating, and maintaining a high-performing workforce that result in organizational success. These are combined efforts in developing, enriching and maintaining of organizations capability towards growth and development. It comprises of several processes, approaches, and programs for the improvement of the work force. The traditional type of HRM include personnel managers who handle administrative tasks revolving around human resources planning; recruiting staff; job analysis; establishing performance review systems; wage, salary, and payback administration; employee training; personnel record keeping; legislative compliance (affirmative action, EEO, etc.); and labour relations (, 2002).   (2000) has stated that the HRM plays a key role in leveraging the knowledge of the organization specifically the enhancement of the abilities and skill of the employees. The historical development of HRM is divided to six major periods: The main panic of an organisation is to produce products which are cheaper than competitors. There is no any specialised skill require at work rather than more hours with limited wages. The labours who cant bear will be replaced. Organisation should provide living facility, and other incentives to ensure the stability of work. The formation of Human Resource: The second step contain proper selection of workers and provide them appropriate training, which will help them to perform best at the work. The workers insist for works which they can harmonize with their inner ability. In the starting stage of Human Resource there is increase in demand for certainty in production and specialisation in particular task of work. The Starting stage and expansion of Human Resource:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The  formation of law on how the employers behave their employees such as right for unions to exist, conventional opinion rules for union-management relations, specified minimum wage, limited child labour, and guidelines on overtime pay. It  increases of employees attention for skill enhancements and instruction. Transferring of personnel philosophy of employers as a reply to new legislations -  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The  Companies are extra focused towards human dealings concentrating more on employee self-esteem and job satisfaction. The childhood stage of Human Resource: The  employers work for employee contribution along with reforming of jobs for more exciting and tough one. The employees are now insider as valuable resources of any company. As the days gone the name Personnel Management change as Human Resource Management. The government passed many laws in opposition to prejudice and unfairness The maturity stage of the Human Resource function and crisis management: It presented many challenges to Human Resource functions and also employee displacement while the downsizing brought about to renewed emphasis on training so that the displaced workers can get skills and knowledge to perform better. Implement changes in Human Resource strategies and importance of the HR managers: At this stage the management world understand the importance of the role of HR managers. -   HR departments consider outsourcing routine tasks as payroll, benefits administration, and temporary staffing to free up time for HR professionals to help line managers with more strategic duties. The HRM process is the path of alluring, initial, and maintaining workforce. This is the willingness of an organization to congregate the pressure and potential of the target market. There are three main HRM functions: attracting a quality workforce, early a quality workforce, and maintaining a quality workforce (2001). Conventionally, HRM is the helps the organizations in achieving the goals of the organization by hiring and maintaining capable employees. According to   (2002), the following are some of the tasks of HRM Instruct the workforce to maintain competitiveness of the organization Expand and converse business policies and actions in line with legislation Part icipation in wrong and disciplinary hearings, Lead negotiations.   Execute cessation and hiring measures. Evaluation and management of organizational atmosphere and employees relations. Implementation of results of and chosen bargain negotiation. Expand reward strategy and regulations in way with laws organisations strategy.  Affix meaningful monetary values to posts in the organization ensuring that the organizations compensation is in line with market forces.  Task-3 Difference between Recruitment and Selection: RECRUITMENT Recruitment refers to the process of finding possible candidates for a job or function, undertaken by recruiters. It may be undertaken by an employment agency or a member of staff at the business or organization looking for recruits. Advertising is commonly part of the recruiting process, and can occur through several means: through newspapers, using newspaper dedicated to job advertisement, through professional publication, using advertisements placed in windows, through a job centre through campus interviews. Suitability for a job is typically assessed by looking for skills, e.g. communication skills, typing skills, computer skills. Evidence for skills required for a job may be provided in the form of qualifications (educational or professional), experience in a job requiring the relevant skills or the testimony of references. Employment agencies may also give computerized tests to assess an individuals off-handknowledge of software packages or typing skills. At a more basic l evel written tests may be given to assess numeracy and literacy. A candidate may also be assessed on the basis of an interview. Sometimes candidates will be requested to provide a rà ©sumà © (also known as a CV) or to complete an application form to provide this evidence. SELECTION Selection is the process used to identify and hire individuals or groups of individuals to fill vacancies within an organization. Often based on an initial job analysis, the ultimate goal of personnel selection is to ensure an adequate return on investmentin other words, to make sure the productivity of the new hire warrants the costs spent on recruiting and training that hire. Several screening methods exist that may be used in personnel selection. Examples include the use of minimum or desired qualifications, resume/application review, oral interviews, work performance measures (e.g., writing samples), and traditional tests (e.g., of job knowledge). The field of personnel selection has a long history and is associated with several fields of research and application, including human resources and industrial psychology. Recruitment refers to the process of choosing potential candidates for a particular job or profession adapt by recruiters. It might be undertaken by an emp loyment organization or a associate of personnel at the commerce or association looking for workers. Promotion is usually part of the recruiting process, and can take place throughout numerous resources: through newspapers, magazines, using newspaper committed to job commercial, all the way through specialized periodical, by means of advertisements positioned in windows, in the course of a job centre, through campus recruitments,etc. Suitability for a job is classically assessed by looking for skills, e.g. communication skills, typing skills, computer skills. Confirmation for skills required for a job may be provided in the form of qualifications (educational or professional), experience in a job requiring the appropriate skills or the testimony of references. Employment agencies may also give computerized tests to assess an individuals casual knowledge of software packages or typing skills. At a more fundamental level written tests may be given to assess numeracy and literacy. A candidate may also be assessed on the basis of an interview. Sometimes candidates will be requested to provide a rà ©sumà © (also known as a CV) or to complete an application form to provide this evidence. Recruitment policies: A policy is simply a statement of intent on the part of an organisation; it outlines the approach everyone is expected to adopt and the standards they should achieve in carrying out an organisations business. A recruitment policy enables all employees involved in the process to direct their efforts towards achieving the organisations goals and to know that they are acting in the spirit intended by the organisation. A basic recruitment policy should at the very least include statements about the organisations stance on: the overall goal of recruitment and equality of opportunity. Recruitment procedures: The first step in the recruitment process is to assess the need for additional human resources and decide whether or not you have a vacancy you wish to fill. The vacancy may be a new post that has been identified through the development of the corporate strategic plan, or it may have arisen because an employee has resigned, retired or been dismissed. The latter are sometimes referred to as replacement posts to distinguish them from new posts. You may also decide to recruit a job-share partner for an established employee who no longer wishes to work full time. Filling the vacancies which arise because an employee has decided to leave or creating new posts should be part of a careful planning process, scrutinised in terms of how the action contributes to the organisations strategic goals. When a jobholder leaves, HR and line managers should take the opportunity to examine the work done and consider whether it can be covered in another fashion. Here are some of the factors that could be considered: Are all the tasks necessary? , Can some tasks be incorporated into another post? , should the job redesigned to include more in teresting and challenging work? , Can some task be completed in other ways, e.g. by machine, by computer? Job descriptions and person specifications/competency profiles: In organisations that engage fully in human resource planning there will be ongoing work dedicated to producing and maintaining job descriptions and person specifications/competency profiles, since these documents contain much of the information required for the planning process. Job analysis is the name of the process do not engage fully in human resource planning, it is essential to produce job descriptions and person specifications/competency profiles for all existing posts as a basic framework for recruitment and, later, selection activities. These documents contain the information around which the job advertisement and the assessment of candidates will be structured and they can also be used to provide evidence of a fair process. Selection is the process used to recognize and hire individuals or groups of individuals to load vacancies within an organization. Often based on an primary job analysis, the ultimate goal of personnel selection is to ensure an adequate return on investmentin other words, to make sure the efficiency of the new hire warrants the costs spent on recruiting and training that appoint. Several transmission methods exist that may be used in personnel choice. Examples include the use of minimum or required qualifications, resume/application review, verbal interviews, work performance measures (e.g., writing samples), and traditional tests (e.g., of job knowledge). The field of personnel selection has a long history and is associated with several field of research and application, including human resources and industrial psychology. Selection: Selection contributes to the achievement of strategic goals and so is too important an activity to be conducted on the basis of what is familiar or expedient. Organisations may, therefore, depending on the circumstances, need to engage in a broader array of activities rather than simply interviewing alone. Sophisticated selection has been identified as part of the best practice associated with the HRM approach (Marching ton and Wilkinson, 2005) and thus a necessary part of a strategic approach dedicated to obtaining the competitive edge that comes from having a superior workforce. The importance of getting the selection decision right is confirmed by the growing emphasis on the crucial contribution to organisations of their talent management processes. As Ready and Conger (2007, p. 68) proclaim: Stop losing out lucrative business opportunities because you dont have the talent to develop them. Supplementary techniques may not be needed for every vacancy, but at least the process sho uld be examined and the appropriate action chosen for each contingency. Collecting information: Gathering and evaluating information in order to make the selection decision can be done in a number of stages. According to the CIPD (2007a and c), the most well established methods used include: Short listing from information on application forms and CVs, interview of various kinds, tests, assessment centre, references. Policy and procedures: It is amazing how many managers still claim to be good judges of character and ability based on very short acquaintance. These managers will tell you that within a few minutes they can tell whether they are going to get on with someone, and whether that person will do well in the job. This kind of overconfidence is a major contributing factor to the low validity of interviews as a selection method. The concept of validity will be discussed in more detail later in the chapter, but it can be stated here that the strategic HRM approach would suggest that employees are too valuable a resource to the selected or rejected in such a subjective and uninformed manner. Short listing: Most employers will wish to interview a number of applicants before offering a position. In many instances, however, a successful recruitment campaign will attract more applicants than it would be possible to interview. The first step is therefore to reduce the applications to a manageable number, a process known as short listing. The short listing the of applicants is, then, a selection procedure that may be performed purely on the basis of the written information that applicants have supplied or which may involve the acquisition of additional information about candidates, for example by conducting a telephone interview. In regard to Lvmh recruitment is the most important because they conduct a meeting or HR mangers once a month to review the vacant positions and they workout the plan for fill that vacant posts by suitable candidate who can at least 3 languages other than French which is the one of the criteria for their selection. Also they have created a list of candidate who is ready to move on assignment for their non home country for specific period. They also prefer a candidate who is ready to move horizontal and vertical position in the company. Lvmh has created his name in the global world so they have to select global language like Good English speaking person because in the past they select staff from the France only, they cant speak English fluently for that they have to learn English as a training and development task which is programmed by HR department and educate them to deal in English at global level. Conclusion: As per the case study there is a lot of improvement in the companies policy regarding international mobility and learning English language that gives strength to the LVMHs goal to sustain in global competition and achieve companys goal through knowledge base HRM. As student I cannot give the exact idea about reading just few papers for the company which is running successfully since 1593. Company has history of more t hen 400 years they have created their name and fame through their working pattern and workforce who works for them. I am little bit small to evaluated and give the recommendation to the companys board of directors they are the genius in their planning and implementation of their HR policies.

Hitler Survived World War II - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1800 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/18 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Adolf Hitler Essay World War 2 Essay Did you like this example? Many theories have been brought about since 30 April 1945 determining if Adolf Hitler escaped Berlin, Germany. At the end of World War II, the Russians alleged they recovered a skull fragment with a four-inch bullet hole and a jawbone from outside a bunker that belonged to Adolf Hitler, later found to be false. The Federal Bureau of Investigation administered a thorough investigation throughout a thirty-year period accumulating over seven hundred evidence documents. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hitler Survived World War II" essay for you Create order When the investigation finalized, the FBI was unable to conclude any precise information to determine Adolf Hitler had died during World War II. Therefore, leading the world to believe that Adolf Hitler fled to Argentina who was known for assisting German Forces and high-level Nazi leadership. Likewise, President Juan Peron permitted vessels to sail into Europe transporting Nazi and German forces seeking refuge in Argentina. Adolf Hitler survived World War II fleeing from Germany to Argentina. Numerous accounts of history led us to believe that on 30 April 1945, Adolf Hitler consumed a cyanide pill and committed suicide by shooting himself in the left temple with a handgun. However, many accounts contradict this theory. There is no evidence that supports Adolf Hitler committed suicide. There were no photographs, nor any remains recovered nor preserved (World Daily Net, 2014, para. 2). In 1945 the Soviet Forces declared they had discovered charred remains of Adolf Hitler. The remains include the four-inch piece of skull fragment with a bullet hole located in it (Osborn, 2009, para. 1). At the end of WWII as the Soviet Forces left Germany, rumors began that Adolf Hitler survived fleeing Germany to South America in 1945. Rumors led intelligence groups within the Soviet Union to believe that in 1945 Soviet Union Troops discovered one of Adolf Hitlers body doubles and not the actual remains of Adolf Hitler. To disprove these rumors a re-examination of the grave was set forth as it needed to be thoroughly examined. In 1946, the Soviet Union excavated the hole the skull fragment was found in. While conducting their investigation a jawbone believed to be that of Adolf Hitler was located. Once the jawbone was found, Soviet Forces attempted to locate Adolf Hitlers dentist to corroborate their beliefs. Once located the dentist performed an examination and confirmed that it was indubitably Adolf Hitlers jawbone. The fact that the jawbone and skull fragment were found in the same location years apart indicated that the jawbone cannot belong to Adolf Hitler because it was not located at the same time the skull fragment was located. Furthermore, Adolf Hitler ensured his body doubles underwent the same dental procedures. Granted the dental examination concluded that the dental records of Adolf Hitler compared to the located jawbone was a match as the records listed a wide variety of dental procedures having been completed. Nevertheless, evidence that the dentist fabricated and used records that were deliberately faked were later discovered. Unfortunately, this led to the dentists arrest by Soviet authorities. Once the arrested, he was sent to the slave labor camp; from that day forth no one heard from him again (Micallef, n.d., para. 18). As years have passed development and advancement of technology have provided the ability to conduct a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis. In 2009, a DNA sample was taken from the skull fragment and tested by an archaeologist and a bone specialist at the University of Connecticut. Results proved the skull fragment belonged to a woman under the age of 40, confirming it could not be Adolf Hitlers skull. The astounding amount of evidence brought forth that the results of the DNA test contradicted the claims of the Soviet Union from 1945. Furthermore, this could also disprove a theory of the skull belonging to Eva Braun, a long-time companion of Adolf Hitler, who was believed to have commi tted suicide along with Adolf Hitler. The theory was she committed suicide by consuming cyanide and not by a gunshot wound to the head (Osborn, 2009, para. 2). In 2009, evidence disproved facts that Adolf Hitlers remains were located. This ultimately allowed theories that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun fled Berlin, Germany in April 1945 to be more reasonable. The truth is on 27 April 1945, Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun departed Berlin, Germany during the midnight hours as Russian Forces approached their location (Walters, 2013, para. 2). Adolf Hitler was running out of options to survive; enemy forces were only a few kilometers away. Adolf Hitler generated three options and thought them through. Being captured was the one choice in which his humility and ego would not allow to take place. The second option was to commit suicide; however, his concern was not knowing who would take his position as the Fuhrer. Adolf Hitler believed and felt comfortable in electing his third option. The third option was to devise an escape plan allowing him to safely depart Germany without being spotted by German citizens (Walters, 2013, para. 4). Adolf Hitler ordered his orderly to put the plan into motion. The orderly executed Adolf Hitler and Eva Brauns body doubles then carried the bodies outside and were set on fire. Berlin maintained an underground tunnel system which allowed Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun to maneuver throughout the city (Micallef, n.d., para. 24). After a short period, there were three silhouettes that appear ed in the darkness coming from a secret tunnel connected to the bunker and were rushed quickly away (Walters, 2013, para. 6). Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun, and an unknown person made it to a makeshift airstrip avoiding the Russian offensive. The makeshift was not far from the Chancellery grounds and was approximately two hundred feet long which was all that was needed for the aircraft (Micallef, n.d., para. 24). They immediately boarded a Junker-52 transport aircraft operated by Adolf Hitlers personal and favorite Luftwaffe pilot, Captain Peter Baumgart. After departing Germany and landing in Denmark, the journey then carried him to Spain. Upon arrival in Spain, General Franco provided aid and supplies to Adolf Hitlers party allowing them to continue with the rest of their voyage. Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun then departed Spain for the Canary Islands. After arriving in the Canary Islands, a transition was made from the aircraft into a submarine. For their last leg of the journey, t he submarine carried them to the coast of Argentina where they arrived at a port near Necochea, Argentina approximately three hundred miles south of Buenos Aires, Argentina (Walters, 2013, para. 11). The journey took Adolf Hitler and his party an estimated two and one-half weeks to complete after the Russian Forces invaded Berlin, Germany. Adolf Hitlers and Eva Brauns arrivals were confirmed by a United States Naval Intelligence report written by a Naval Attache in Buenos Aires. The report stated that a mysterious U-530 surfaced outside a harbor under the command of Otto Wermuth and his crew to drop them off. Upon arrival, the German community and wealthy Nazi supporters greeted Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun (World Daily Net, 2014, para. 5). For Adolf Hitler to remain undercover for he shaved his mustache off and went into hiding at a well-guarded ranch hidden in the dense forest-covered mountains near the shoreline that would provide security and comfort (Strochlic, 2015, para. 11). The location of the ranch was significant to Adolf Hitler because he wanted to live out his life in an area that resembled the Bavarian Alps which replaced his retreat above the town of Berchtesgaden, Germany. Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun never left Argentina. Although Adolf Hitlers vision of the Reich was never satisfied, he was happy with the life that hed begun to live in the foothills of the Andes Mountains in Argentina marrying Eva Braun and having two daughters (Walters, 2013, para. 13). Adolf Hitler was provided information about the theories as he sat in Argentina and decided to send a letter about how he thought it was entertaining that everyone believed he was dead and to gloat about the situation. The note reads as follows: I was informed that my body and that of my wife had been covered with naphtha and burned in the Chancellery garden. I could not help smiling at this for we were many kilometers from Berlin on our air journey to Argentina (Strochlic, 2015, para. 11). The letter provides evidence that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun were alive and healthy receiving information from someone concerning his whereabouts. Under the supervision of Director J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI opened an investigation for over 30 years on allegations and reports that indicated Adolf Hitler survived World War II. This investigation intended to determine if Adolf Hitler, had in fact, committed suicide and died in Berlin, Germany or fled to another country for safety as there were numerous reports of sightings reported across the world. Though some of the reports were determined to be a hoax and conspiracy theories having no validity, numerous reports placed Adolf Hitler overseas in Argentina. The FBI also made the connection between senior political figures from both Argentina and Columbia that associated closely with Nazi leaders and confirmed sightings of submarines and German U-boats off the coast of these countries (Maier, 2013, para. 8). To further contradict the Russians claims and previous statements that Adolf Hitler died, Joseph Stalin, a former General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, stated at the 1945 Yalta Conference that Adolf Hitler had escaped (Maier, 2013, para. 27). Additionally, a conversation was conducted a year later in 1946 at the Potsdam Conference between Joseph Stalin and the United States President Harry S. Truman. Andrew, a spokesperson for the FBI, stated in 2009 that The escape of Hitler had always been a myth, but today, we concluded that it was true. Artifacts recently discovered in Argentina indicated that Adolf Hitler had escaped by submarine to Argentina (Ralph, 2009, Para. 2). Amongst evidence found, A World War II-era German Army ammunition box found in a cellar in Northern Argentina containing Nazi keepsakes including a photograph of Adolf Hitler shaking hands with a German Navy submarine captain. During the 30-year period, the FBI examined the evidence provided to them creating over 700 documents, none that could provide facts or anything that could disprove Adolf Hitler escaped Berlin, Germany at the e nd of World War II. Adolf Hitler lived until the age of 73 in the foothills of the Andes Mountains of Argentina. On the afternoon of 13 February 1962, Adolf Hitler finally succumbed to what may have been Parkinsons disease. Although Adolf Hitler showed the signs and symptoms of Parkinsons, this disease would be treated but remained undiagnosed due to the fear that others would correlate it with senility. As this disease progressed, Adolf Hitlers motor skills began to deteriorate as he regularly had tremors, taking at least 28 different pills and fired his doctor a week before his death (Bhattacharyya, 2015, para. 3). It is presumed that Adolph Hitler outlived his wife Eva Braun who died of a severe cold a few years earlier (Wakeman, 2013, para. 2). As Adolf Hitler took his last breath, his two daughters surrounded him.